Devry of Crystal City, VA.

This scenario involves Cassie and Bill. The both have experience in Project Management however Bill a lot more experience than Cassie does. Bill last project was late and over budgeted so Cassie a little bit skeptical about his overall knowledge but yet she is still willing to list to him. I am the third person brought into this meeting and I will discuss different avenues of approach to fix these issues. I will also explain the different elements identified as well as how I feel that they should be addressed. ABSTRACT: I posted these comments: Bring both managers together and discuss all the current and future risk factors * Establish a budget that will help each manager understand the short and long term affects * Make a chart of how and when the possibilities of risks are most vulnerable * Ensure that everyone practices trial and error to ensure management and employers are privileged to the risk factors. * Capture previous projects and study their history of risk matrix and match both to see if you are following the right procedures or decreasing risk factors * Always double check everything your team has covered as a whole to ensure the proper risk measure have been implemented The students comments had several opinions, however they basically agreed that all projects should have a list of plans and these plans should cover overall risks. these risks should be realistic and within your primary budget. You should break down the project into quarters and each quarter should be budgeted according to your requirements. Now I do understand that issues come up and project are prolonged or over budgeted initially but as a good project Mason 3 manager, you should plan for mishaps even if they don't occur. I would suggest that you write down all the potential issues and make adjustments as needed. For instance Liza Nicholas, wrote that she liked the idea of utilizing WBS because it allows personnel to actually see the breakdown of all the requirements. I do agree that when specific tasks are written down along with short and long term goals. This general information is helpful and needed when projects are costly and extensive. You should always cover the previous projects and decide which risk assessments were deemed to be refined. There will always be some mistakes, but my overall objective is to minimize risks and make sure your project as safe as possible. Team members and employees should discuss the potential risks and put together a plan to ensure that everyone knows the outcome in case risks impact the project's timeline. It is important to follow your timeline and make sure your costs match those dates. CONCLUSION: The overall idea is to make sure that the project managers are detailing risk plans and following the guidance from previous mistakes. Plans should be to the point and cultivated by the environment along with extensiveness of the project itself. Management should be monitoring each project and ensuring that everyone does what is needed to ensure safety and maintain funds for each project. As a third party member, I would like to ensure that all Mason 4 employees and staff will know and understand their risks in each project and actually know the appropriate actions to take in case of an immediate response or actions is needed.

Han Dynasty Vs. Roman Empire

The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire are two very complex civilizations that thrived around the same time. Each had similarities in political structures such as they were both ruled by emperors, but they did still have differences. They also shared similarities in economic structures such as how they were both apart of the Silk Road. Lastly they shared some similarities in social structures such as how women were treated.A similarity in the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty was that they were both ruled by emperors. Han was ruled by Gaozo and Rome was ruled by Octavian. Along with each being ruled by emperors their emperor’s shared a similar tactic in getting people to follow them. This tactic was to use some type of religious connection. Octavian used the fact that previous emperor’s were thought of as god’s to boost loyalty, and gaozo used religious pageantry to boost his power.There were still differences in these civilizations political structures though. Rome was not only ruled by an emperor, but a senate also. Han however was only ruled by an emperor. This is a minor difference, but all laws were made by the Han emperor while most in Rome were made by the Roman Senate.Next there was a similar trait in their economic structures. This was the fact that both Han China and the Roman Empire were connected by the Silk Road and were big into trading. Rome loved silk which China manufactured and china loved other goods from Rome. This was not only a similarity, but a huge connection between two great civilizations.The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire had a difference in their economic structures. This was how Han thrived on agriculture for their economy more than trade. This was different for Rome. The early Roman culture thrived on agriculture, but then the later Empire thrived more on trade.Women socially in both the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire were treated like a child in the eyes of the law. This was a huge similarity between these cultures. Women of both civilizations could not own property or vote. They also had to do as men told them, and keep the home, raise the children especially boys. If a women didn’t have a boy or couldn’t have children she was blamed and generally killed.Lastly a difference in their social structures was that the Han Dynasty didn’t have a patron/client relationship bounding together individuals of different class like Rome. This may not be a huge difference, but Han had nothing to bound together different classes. Rome used the patron/client relationship to turn men into equals, because inequality of men in Rome was turned into a system of mutual benefits and obligations.Each of these cultures Han and Rome had their political, economic, and social similarities. They were both ruled by emperor’s, they shared the Silk Road and Women were treated like children. Each of the civilizations also had their differences. These things made these civilizations grow and learn and someti mes fail, but they have set some of the basic rules for some civilizations today.

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Christianity - Essay Example The principle book in Christianity is the Gospel, which is a collection of works that originate from authors such as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; all of which were Jesus’s disciples. The Gospel tells about Jesus’s life and passes on the lessons and teachings within Christianity. There are a great deal of many other writers in the Gospel except the principle four, one of them being Paul. Paul did not directly observe Jesus in life, having only met him a few other times through the Apostles before becoming one of them himself. Because he was not a direct follower of Jesus, many of his writings conflict with that of Jesus. Because Paul did not know a majority about the life and events that occurred during Jesus’s life, there are major events that are history changing that are not mentioned in his Gospel, giving the reader a different feel than the other ones. Because Paul learned from others, his Gospel story is different. Christianity is unified, yet fragmented. There are many different branches of Christianity. Although they are similar, they are still a little different from each other, which makes them different at the fundamental level. The Great Schism happened early in the spread of Christianity. It was a fundamental split between what was Western Europe and what were the remnants of the Byzantine Empire. The West supported the rule of the Pope for Roman Catholicism from Rome, whereas the Byzantine Empire supported Eastern Orthodoxy.

Older staff often come with more life experience and a willingness to Essay

Older staff often come with more life experience and a willingness to work - Essay Example â€Å"If employers don’t act soon, they will fail to win the war for talent, as older adults will be relied upon as one of the most important sources of talent for the future workforce (Jan 2007). The global survey, which included 28,000 employers across 25 countries and territories, found employers in the UK are far ahead of their international counterparts, with higher percentage of respondents, respectively, working proactively to retain their older employees. But in Italy and Spain, only 6% have such strategies in place. In 19 of the 25 countries, retention strategies were more predominant than recruiting strategies for older workers. This may be because many of these countries have government legislation or programs in place to encourage employers to retain older workers (Paula 2007). The aim of this topic is to understand and learn more on the recruitment of old employees and the strategies used. We also review the benefits and challenges associated with having an older workforce in companies. We also discuss aging population and recommend what action organizations should take to ensure they have a ready supply of labor in the future. We are also going to review why age diversity pensions are decreasing in value and on the other people are becoming more likely to still have financial obligations such as mortgages or student support, later in life. We are also going to go through what employers will need to consider how they can best become an employer of choice for older workers and how they can retain older workers in an increasingly competitive market place.     For some organizations this will mean a significant culture change.   Consider that 25-34 is the current favorite recruitment age of employers and The Employers Forum on Age has estimated that ag eism costs the United Kingdom economy over  £26bn each year.   This article  will help you to explore the issues that affect your capacity to be an age positive employer and

Ads and promtion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ads and promtion - Essay Example This is unisex. Figure three fits designer shops though for casual clothing and focuses on male more. Figure four is fit for shops which sell women items e.g. earrings, bangles, trouser suits and focuses more on female gender. Figure five is fit for a picnic site could be a recreation centre or a park and is for any gender. One can depict that the company sponsoring the ads deals in several things including designer clothes and picnics. It is seen from the adverts that it is a modern company since ladies are dressed in a modern manner where not every part is covered. It is a company that accepts various kinds of dressing codes. Products advertised by the pictures above could bring high sales apart from figure 6 which is bit controversial. Such an advert betrays a company’s culture of advertising and the way of dressing. It also makes the company’s morals to be doubted. Advertising is a dilemma in itself bearing in mind that a company has to put all stake holders in mind; client being most important. Figure 6 is controversial in that there is a lady who is almost fully naked with two other men who are half-naked. Behind them are two men who seem to be watching over what is happening; shown as a rape ordeal. Such an advert cannot sell a company’s product though it could sell to youths. It could spark hatred among the old generation since they advocate for conservatism. A company should not target one group in its quest to develop a large client base via advertising. Thus, sales department ought to have sharp minds and creativity as adverts are made and placed on the public arena. Adverts should have a panel to review before being taken to

Type of community Absecon, New Jersey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Type of community Absecon, New Jersey - Essay Example Absecon is a city in Atlantic County, in the Atlantic City metro area. The community name derives from Indian term variously translated as little stream" or "plenty (or place) of swans" The latitude of Absecon is 39.428N. The longitude is -74.496W. It is in the Eastern Standard time zone. Elevation is 23 feet. The estimated population, in 2003, was 7,835. .. Industries providing employment: Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services (29.7%), Educational, health and social services (19.0%), Retail trade (12.9%). Absecon-area historical tornado activity is below New Jersey state average. It is 50% smaller than the overall U.S. average. On 7/21/1983, a category 3 (max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 22.6 miles away from the Absecon city center caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages. On 11/4/1970, a category 2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado 5.6 miles away from the city center caused between $50,000 and $500,000 in damages. Hospitals/medical centers near Absecon: BETTY BACHARACH REHAB CENTER (about 6 miles; POMONA, NJ) ATLANTIC CITY MEDICAL CTR (about 7 miles; ATLANTIC CITY, NJ) SHORE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (about 11 miles; SOMERS POINT, NJ) Airports certified for carrier operations nearest to Absecon: ATLANTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL (about 5 miles; ATLANTIC CITY, NJ; ID: ACY) MC GUIRE AFB (about 40 miles; WRIGHTSTOWN, NJ; ID: WRI) LAKEHURST NAES /MAXFIELD FIELD (about 43 miles; LAKEHURST, NJ; ID: NEL) Other public-use airports nearest to Absecon: ATLANTIC CITY MUNI/BADER FIELD (about 7 miles; ATLANTIC CITY, NJ; ID: AIY) STEEL PIER TAJ MAHAL (about 9 miles; ATLANTIC CITY, NJ; ID: 92N) OCEAN CITY MUNI (about 15 miles; OCEAN CITY, NJ; ID: 26N) Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Absecon: THE RICHARD STOCKTON COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY (about 6 miles; POMONA, NJ; Full-time enrollment: 5,526) ATLANTIC CAPE COMMUNITY COLLEGE (about 18 miles; MAYS LANDING, NJ; FT enrollment: 3,086) BURLINGTON COUNTY COLLEGE (about 39 miles; PEMBERTON, NJ; FT enrollment: 3,751) OCEAN COUNTY COLLEGE (about 43 miles; TOMS RIVER, NJ; FT enrollment: 4,651) CAMDEN COUNTY

Solid State Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solid State Physics - Essay Example The models apply varied scientific principles in exploring the dislocation dynamics of semiconductors. In all the models, nucleation and propagation occur in successions. Dislocation in semiconductors is affected by factors like changes in temperatures and the presence of impurities. Dislocation dynamics is responsible for the plastic and ductile nature of most semiconductors. Dislocation is an important aspect in the physics of materials and requires extensive research. Dislocations dynamics is significant in the physics (mechanical and electrical) of semiconductors. Dislocations carry plasticity along crystalline elements. Moreover, the dislocations form centers that trap and scatter electronic carriers. Numerous experimental information regarding the dislocation dynamics of semiconductors that are tetrahedral bonded are available in various research articlesi. The principal slip systems for silicon are the 60Â °, while the orientation of the screw dislocations falls along the slip planeii. The two systems form a slithered configuration and dissociate to form pairs of fractional dislocations that bound ribbons of inherent stacking faultiii. Dissociations reduce the energy utilized in strain. Moreover, the lower the energy of the stacking faults, the more favorable the dislocations occur, energetically. The theory holds for semi-conductors (III-V and II-VI) and germanium. Thin films semiconductors are an engineering marvel in the contemporary science world. For instance, the polycrystalline thin films that have reduced defect concentration are omnipresent to contemporary engineeringiv. The reduced defect concentration facilitates the processingv. In conjunction with curiosity in scientific practices, many applications trigger intensive research of the procedures involved in the processing of polycrystalline (semi-conductor) thin films. Typical examples of compounds with polycrystalline thin films include copper and

Mangement of the arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mangement of the arts - Essay Example Area, an Italian restaurant situated in Montpelier Street, Knightsbridge, London, is a good reference example. Area is owned by a man from south Italy called Franchisco. The business was started fourteen years ago as a small regular restaurant. It drew customers from the lower and middle socio-economic backgrounds. With time, people from good socio-economic backgrounds began to visit the restaurant. This included wealthy people and famous football players for example Chelsea’s Frank Lampard and Arsenal’s Sagna among other footballers. The new wealthy good pool of customers made Franchisco to think of a way to upgrade his low financial status. To achieve this, he increased the prices of food, beverages and drinks served at the restaurant by 50%-100%. This created the impression of quality. As a result of this, the restaurant attracted many richer customers mainly Arabic. According to Pinson and Jinnett (1996), entrepreneurs must track the needs and preferences of their customers so as to satisfy and retain them. It is from this perspective that Franchisco created an Arabian atmosphere in and outside the restaurant in order to maintain the large pool of Arabian customers. He made Arabian designs of various features in the restaurant and played Arabic music. Changing the atmosphere to Arabic made the business attract more Arabian customers. Sheesha is offered outside the restaurant until 11pm. This is an Arab custom in which flavored tobacco is smoked using shisha pipes. This created a good social atmosphere for lovers of sheesha. Customers express their love and appreciation for Area by pinning or placing different currency notes on its walls or on a board. Franchisco choose ‘Area’ as the name his business because it is a neutral term. This has allowed the business to attract people from all cultural backgrounds. Sheesha is strictly offered outside the restaurant. This is because smoking in all public

Carl Jung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Carl Jung - Essay Example Here he learned the discipline of careful and faithful recording of his work and started on his series of experiments, the word associations, which were to bring him the first ray of fame. (Anthony Daniels, Carl Jung) Word associations' experiments in brief constituted of asking the subject to respond with first word that came into subject's mind, in response to a word by Carl Jung. While the subject was responding Carl would record the subject's change in heart beat and respiratory rates as well as changes in skin conductivity (skin conductivity changes along with emotional arousal as this state leads to increase in body's sweat). Carl would thus be able to monitor and gauge which words would gauge which words would cause the most arousal. His next accomplishment was building theory of archetypes and collective consciousness - this theory was formed of thinking in imagery or undirected thinking and he believed that collective unconscious had many such archetypical forms (Anthony Daniels, Jung's idea of causality starts off by laying down the three basic requirements: Causes must precede effects, causes and effects must occur concomitantly, the effects from the concerned cause should occur continually and should not be one off. He further builds up and mentions causal events as obeying the natural laws and following the "scientific truths" while acausal events follow a pattern of "instant discontinuity" or beyond reason. The synchronicity theory bridges this reality gap and aims to present a more holistic picture of our world. (Lance Storm, Synchronicity, Causality and Acausality.) Jung defines synchronicity as occurrence of two or more events with a meaningful connection between them and there is no causal link. The meaningful connection constraint is very important as this removes coincidence. For Jung, synchronous event remains so irrespective of recognition of concerned event as meaningful (Lance Storm, Synchronicity) and also this event involves an archetype. Archetype is the connection, however amorphous may it be, that links the two events and enjoins them with a shared theme. Archetype according to Jung is the pivot points or building blocks of the collective unconscious that impinge on and determine behavior patterns. Victor Mansfield says, collective unconscious is according to Jung a neutral entity and further Jung says that synchronicity does not preclude causality and synchronicity is an Carl Jung 3 indispensable counterpart to causality. Acausal connections are really no connections, as perceived by our ingrained thinking and commitment to causality. (Victor Mansfield, The Rhine-Jung letters). Jung considers synchronicity as a special minor offshoot of "general acausal orderness" and par psychological phenomenon should also be considered in this domain. Paraphysicological phenomenon are acausal because there realizable exchange of energy or information which connects the similarities or correlations

Why i want to be a LPN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why i want to be a LPN - Essay Example I chose your school of nursing because it is an award-winning school and I believe that it would assist me in the development of my comprehension of the basic principles of nursing. I understand that the program that the school presents is planned to meet the swiftly growing requirement for competent nurses in our country. The school’s high-tech facilities, faculty as well as other professional resources will also be invaluable during my study. I have always had a particular interest in studying science and I have excelled in my grades. Moreover, I am an open minded, hard working, dynamic, and sociable individual who possesses great interpersonal and networking skills. I am also excellent in team playing and I have other traits such as attention to details, readiness to learn, and the ability to work with minimal supervision. These would be invaluable as I pursue my dream. Moreover, I believe that pursuing the profession of a Licensed Practical Nurse would grant me the opportunity of improving these skills, which would make me even better. Pursuing this profession will also endow me with exceptional support and training, over and above giving me the opportunity to interact with the infamous nursing professionals in your institution. Once I become a Licensed Practical Nurse, I aim to take part actively in the promotion as well as provision of health care services to the best of my capability. I am genuinely concerned in people’s health, and I would love to work in hospitals, private homes settings, extended care facilities, nursing homes among other settings where there is need to serve humanity by improving their life

How to Write a Bad Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Bad Essay Essay It is very easy to find any sort of information in the books or internet sites, which can be helpful for those students, who want to write a good essay. Our professors explain us how to organize our work on the essays, how to do a good research or how to create a clear thesis statement. From our friends or classmates we can get a good piece of advice on how to plan, reference and format our writing correctly. However, it is really very difficult to find some useful information for those students, who intend to write a really bad essay. There are no good books or articles, which can help or at least give some ideas for such students. That is why those students, who want to make their essays really bad and unusable, have to spend a lot of efforts and be very creative. In order to write a bad essay, the first and very important steps are to avoid looking for any relevant information and not to do any sort of academic research. It is recommended also not to visit any lectures and not to use any notes of the classmates on the subject. Second, for producing a bad essay it is absolutely essential to spend as less time as possible for your writing. It is good to start working on the essay right before the deadline: this will help you to avoid the temptation to go to a library, consult your professor or look for some reputable scholar sources. The third step is not to do any planning of the writing, especially not to write any outline or summary. The next step of producing a terrible essay is to avoid coming up with any idea or point of the writing. It is also important to keep away from answering the questions of the essay clearly and concisely. Instead, you can write down everything which is unrelated or is currently in your mind. The further step for those students, who want to write a terrible essay, is to be sure that it has no certain clear thesis statement or proper structure, as well as no such components as an introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. The next essential step is not to be concerned about any plagiarism and stealing someone else’s ideas or thoughts for your essay. Usual â€Å"copy-paste† from an internet source, from a magazine or a book, incorporated into your writing without any citing or referencing, is one of the greatest ways to produce a bad essay. More to the point, it is essential to remember that a bad essay never has anything like a reference page or works cited page. At last, the next stage is to ignore any rules and standards of formatting and place your text randomly on the pages. Furthermore, for making your essay as worse as possible, it is crucial not to spend time for revising or re-reading your writing and ignore all possible rules of English grammar, errors, typos, run-on sentences and other imperfections. It is effective to use wrong words and numerous repetitions in the essay. As a final stage, it is very important not to allow any of your friends or classmates to help you and check out your essay for clarity and content. Finally, the very last idea is to print out your essay on dirty or used paper and be sure that it is late for submission. The majority of people are convinced that it is very easy to write a bad essay, because no special skills or talents are required. Nevertheless, taking into account everything mentioned above, it must be clear for every student that producing a bad writing is, actually, very hard and exhausting job. It takes a lot of attention and a lot of hard work, therefore, not everyone can complete this assignment successfully. In my opinion, writing a bad essay definitely takes more efforts than writing a good essay. Maybe that is why a great deal of students prefer not to get into a trouble and choose not to deal with bad essays. Therefore, I am sure that it is always safer, more interesting and challenging to write good, readable, clear, laconic and fully referenced essays. Works Cited: How to Write a Bad History Essay. Keele University. History School of Humanities. 19 Apr. 2008 http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/hi/resources/Indexes/HowToWriteAGoodHistEssay.doc .

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey Ms. Pallavi D. Phalke , Dr. Emmanuel M. ABSTRACT Emotion is a very important facet of human behaviour which affect on the way people interact in the society. In recent year many methods on human emotions recognition have been published such as recognizing emotion from facial expression and gestures, speech and by written text. This paper focuses on classification of emotion expressed by the online text, based on predefined list of emotion. The collection of dataset is the basic step, which is collected from the various sources like daily used sentences, user status from various social networking websites such as  facebook and twitter. Using this data set we target only on the keywords that show human emotions. The targeted keywords are extracted from the dataset and translated into the format which can be processed by the classifier to finally generate the Predicting model which is further compared by the test dataset to give the emotions in the input sentences or documents. Keywords— Affective Computing, Classification, Document Categorization, Emotion Detections. INTRODUCTION Recently much research is going on in emotion recognition domain. Recognition of emotions is very useful to human-machine communication. Many kinds of the communication system can react properly for the humans emotional actions by applying emotion recognition techniques on them. These systems include dialogue system, automatic answering system and robot. The recognition of emotion has been implemented in many kinds of media, such as image, speech, facial expressions, signal, textual data, and so on. Text is the most popular and main tool for the human to convey messages, communicate thoughts and express inclination. Textual data make it possible for people to exchange opinions, ideas, and emotions using text only. Therefore the research for recognizing from the textual data is valuable. Keyword-based approach to the proposed system since the keyword-based approach shows high recognizing accuracy for emotional keywords. Interaction between humans and computers has been increased with increase in development of information technology. Recognizing emotion in text from document or sentences is the first step in realizing this new advanced communication which includes communication of information such as how the writer/speaker feels about the fact or how they want the reader/listener to feel. Analyzing text, detecting emotions is useful for many purposes, which includes identifying what emotion a newspaper headline is trying to evoke, identifying users emotion from their statuses of different social networking sites, devising dialogue systems that respond appropriately to different emotional states of the user and identifying blogs that express specific emotions towards the topic of interest. List of emotions and words that are indicative of each emotion is likely to be useful in identifying emotions in text because, many times different emotions are expressed by different words. For example cry and glo omy are indicative of sadness, boiling and shout are indicative of anger, yummy and delightful indicate the emotion of joy. To capture emotion from text document we require the classification which aims at presume the emotion conveyed by the documents based on predefined lists of emotion, such as Joy, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Sad and Surprise. This emotion recognition approach is mainly focused on two main tasks. 1) The test data that is text document collected from any news articles, user statuses from different social networking sites etc. required for understanding the emotions evoked by words. This is because a different word arouses different emotions comprehended from our day to day experiences. For this purpose, need is to enhanced dictionary with emotion word from ISEAR, WorldNet Affect to improve in result. 2) Need for text normalization to handle negation, since the scope of words is larger in this scenario, the usage of words and their diverted form is large too. So these problems need to be solved properly. The next part of this paper is organised as follows: Section II discusses a survey of emotion detection from text, Section III describes different algorithms on different datasets for emotion recognition, Section IV briefly compares proposed work followed by experimental study with result in section V and Section V concludes the paper. THE SURVEY OF EMOTION DETECTION FROM TEXTS Definitions about emotion, its categories, and their influences have been an important research issue long before computers emerged, so that the emotional state of a person may be inferred under different situations. In its most common formulation, the emotion detection from text problem is reduced to finding the relations between specific input texts and the actual emotions that drives the author to type/write in such styles. Intuitively, finding the relations usually relies on specific surface texts that are included in the input texts, and other deeper inferences that will be formally discussed below. Once the relations can be determined, they can be generalized to predict others’ emotions from their articles, or even single sentences. At the first glance, it does not seem to involve so many difficulties. In real life, different people tend to use similar phrases (i.e. â€Å"Oh yes!†) to express similar feelings (i.e. joy) under similar circumstances (i.e. achieving a goal); even they native languages are different, the mapping of such phrases from each language may be obvious. More formally, the emotion detection from text problem can be formulated as follows: Let E be the set of all emotions, A be the set of all authors, and let T be the set of all possible representations of emotion-expressing texts. Let r be a function to reflect emotion e of author a from text t, i.e., r: A Ãâ€" T → E and the function r would be the answer to our problem. The central problem of emotion detection systems lies in that, though the definitions of E and T may be straightforward from the macroscopic view, the definitions of individual element, even subsets in both sets of E and T would be rather confusing. On one hand, for the set T, new elements may add in as the languages are constantly evolving. On the other hand, currently there are no standard classifications of â€Å"all human emotions† due to the complex nature of human minds, and any emotion classifications can only be seen as â€Å"labels† annotated afterwards for different purposes. As a result, before seeking the relation function r, all related research firstly define the classification system of emotion classifications, defining the number of emotions. Secondly, after finding the relation function r or equivalent mechanisms, they still need to be revised over time to adopt changes in the set T. In the following subsections, we will present a classification of emotion detection methods proposed in the literature, based on how detection are made. Although they can all be classified into content-based approaches from the point of view of information retrieval, their problem formulation differs from each other: 1. Keyword-based detection: Emotions are detected based on the related set(s) of keywords found in the input text; 2. Learning-based detection: Emotions are detected based on previous training result with respect to specific statistic learning methods; 3. Hybrid detection: Emotions are detected based on the combination of detected keyword, learned patterns, and other supplementary information; Besides these emotion detection methods that infer emotions at sentence level, there has been work done also on detection from online blogs or articles [1][2]. For example, though each sentence in a blog article may indicate different emotions, the article as a whole may tend to indicate specific ones, as the overall syntactic and semantic data could strengthen particular emotion(s). However, this paper focuses on detection methods with respect to single sentences, because this is the foundation of full text detection. A. KEYWORD-BASED METHODS Keyword-based methods are the most intuitive ways to detect textual emotions. To approximate the set T, since all the names of emotions (emotion labels) are also meaningful texts, these names themselves may serve as elements in both sets of E and T. Similarly, those words with the same meanings of the emotion labels can also indicate the same emotions. The keywords of emotion labels constitute the subset EL in set T, where EL also classifies all the elements in E. The set EL is constructed and utilized based on the assumption of keyword independence, and basically ignores the possibilities of using different types of keywords simultaneously to express complicated emotions. Keyword-based emotion detection serves as the starting point of textual emotion recognition. Once the set EL of emotion labels (and related words) is constructed, it can be used exhaustively to examine if a sentence contains any emotions. However, while detecting emotions based on related keywords is very straightforward and easy to use, the key to increase accuracy falls to two of the pre-processing methods, which are sentence parsing to extract keywords, and the construction of emotional keyword dictionary. Parsers utilized in emotion detection are almost ready-made software packages, whereas their corresponding theories may differ from dependency grammar to theta role assignments. On the other hand, constructing emotional keyword dictionary would be naval to other fields [3]. As this dictionary collects not only the keywords, but also the relations among them, this dictionary usually exists in the form of thesaurus, or even ontology, to contain relations more than similar and opposite ones. Semi-automatic construction of EL based on WorldNet-like dictionaries is proposed in [4] and [5]. As was observed in [6], keyword-based emotion detection methods have three limitations described below. 1) AMBIGUITY IN KEYWORD Though using emotion keywords is a straightforward way to detect associated emotions, the meanings of keywords could be multiple and vague. Except those words standing for emotion labels themselves, most words could change their meanings according to different usages and contexts. It is not feasible to include all possible combinations into the set EL. Moreover, even the minimum set of emotion labels (without all their synonyms) could have different emotions in some extreme cases such as ironic or cynical sentences. 2) INCAPABILITY OF RECOGNIZING SENTENCES WITHOUT KEYWORDS As Keyword-based approach is totally based on the set of emotion keywords, sentences without any keywords would imply like they don’t contain any emotions at all, which is obviously wrong. 3) LACK OF LINGUISTIC DATA Syntax structures and semantics also affect on expressed emotions. For example, â€Å"He laughed at me â€Å"and â€Å"I laughed at him† would suggest different emotions from the first person’s point of view. Therefore, ignoring linguistic information also create a problem to keyword-based methods. B. LEARNING-BASED METHODS Researchers using learning-based methods attempt to formulate the problem differently. The original problem that determining emotions from input texts has become how to classify the input texts into different emotions. Unlike keyword-based detection methods, learning-based methods try to detect emotions based on a previously trained classifier, which apply various theories of machine learning such as support vector machines [7] and conditional random fields [8], to determine which emotion category should the input text belongs. However, comparing the satisfactory results in multimodal emotion detection [9], the results of detection from texts drop considerably. The reasons are addressed below: 1) DIFFICULTIES IN DETERMINING EMOTION INDICATORS The first problem is, though learning-based methods can automatically determine the probabilities between features and emotions, learning-based methods still need keywords, but just in the form of features. The most intuitive features may be emoticons, which can be seen as author’s emotion annotations in the texts. The cascading problems would be the same as those in keyword-based methods. 2) OVER-SIMPLIFIED EMOTION CATEGORIES Nevertheless, lacking of efficient features other than emotion keywords, most learning-based methods can only classify sentences into two categories, which are positive and negative. Although the number of emotion labels depends on the emotion model applied, we would expect to refine more categories in practical systems. C. HYBRID METHODS Since keyword-based methods with thesaurus and naà ¯ve learning-based methods could not acquire satisfactory results, some systems use a hybrid approach by combining both or adding different components, which help to improve accuracy and refine the categories. The most significant hybrid system so far is the work of Wu, Chuang and Lin [6], which utilizes a rule-based approach to extract semantics related to specific emotions, and Chinese lexicon ontology to extract attributes. These semantics and attributes are then associated with emotions in the form of emotion association rules. As a result, these emotion association rules, replacing original emotion keywords, serve as the training features of their learning module based on separable mixture models. Their method outperforms previous approaches, but categories of emotions are still limited. D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS As described in this section, much research has been done over the past several years, utilizing linguistics, machine learning, information retrieval, and other theories to detect emotions. Their experiments show that, computers can distinguish emotions from texts like humans, although in a coarse way. However, all methods have certain limitations, as described in the previous subsections, and they lack context analysis to refine emotion categories with existing emotion models, where much work has been done to put them computationalized in the domain of believable agents. On the other hand, applications of affective computing would expect more refined results of emotion detection to further interact with users. Therefore, developing a more advanced architecture based on integrating current approaches and psychological theories would be in a pressing need. III. ALGORITHMS USED IN EMOTION RECOGNITION A brief summary of the various works for emotion recognition discussed in this paper are presented in Table1. Table 1: Results and feature-set comparison of algorithms IV.EMOTION RECOGNITION IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION The block diagram of the emotion recognition system studied in this paper is depicted in Figure 1.It contains three main modules: Affective communication unit, Data Aggregator, Emotion Recognition Engine and recognized emotion class as an output. Figure 1 : Block diagram of emotion recognition system for Affective communication AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION UNIT Affective Communication Unit is nothing but the users account in any social networking site (tweeter or facebook). This system take input from these two social networking sites. DATA AGGREGATOR Data Aggregator collects user tweets and status from tweeter and facebook. These tweets/status serve as an input to Emotion Recognition Engine. EMOTION RECOGNITION ENGINE Emotion Recognition Engine including Bayesian Network classifier categorizes incoming data into 3 types of emotions: happiness, sadness, and neutral, because this system mainly focuses on finding stress level of user. It is broken up into 2 major phase: Training Phase and Testing Phase. Training phase consist of five important parts: The Training Dataset, Keyword Extraction, Keyword conversion, Training Model and Predicting Model. Before it generate the predicting model or file, training phase get the training dataset from which it extracted the keyword from the emotion training date, and convert the keyword using keyword conversion into the format that can be processed by the classifier in the Training Model. Testing phase which is also called predicting phase consist of Testing dataset, Keyword extraction, Keyword conversion and predict model. The testing phase extract the Keyword from the given sentence, which was the input from the keyboard and then translate the keyword (word of natural language) using the Keyword conversion into the format that can be processed and then we compare it with a predicting file in predict module and finally gives the output as appropriate emotion expressed by the text. VI.CONCLUSION The proposed system is able to recognize the happy and sad state of a person from his tweets posted on tweeter from his mobile. The experimental results Shows that the we get better accuracy using Naive Bayes classifier than that of Support Vector Machine. VII. REFERENCES [1] 2. Tim M.H. Li, Michael Chau, Paul W.C. Wong, and Paul S.F. YipA Hybrid System for Online Detection of Emotional Distress PAISI 2012, LNCS 7299 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012M, 73–80. [2] Abbasi, A., Chen, H., Thoms, S., Fu, T.: â€Å"Affect Analysis of Web Forums and Blogs Using Correlation Ensembles.† IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2008) ,1168–1180. [3] T. Wilson, J. Wiebe, and R. Hwa, â€Å"Just how mad are you? Finding strong and weak opinion clauses,† Proc. 21st Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence Jul. 2007, 761-769. [4] D. B. Bracewell, â€Å"Semi-Automatic Creation of an Emotion Dictionary Using WordNet and its Evaluation,† Proc. IEEE conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems, IEEE Press, Sep. 2008, 21-24. [5] J. Yang, D. B. Bracewell, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"The Creation of a Chinese Emotion Ontology Based on HowNet†, Engineering Letters, Feb. 2008,166-171. [6] C.-H. Wu, Z.-J. Chuang, and Y.-C. Lin, â€Å"Emotion Recognition from Text Using Semantic Labels and Separable Mixture Models,† ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing Jun. 2006, 165-183. [7] Z. Teng, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"Recognition of Emotion with SVMs,† in Lecture Notes of Artificial Intelligence Eds.Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006,701-710 . [8] C. Yang, K. H.-Y. Lin, and H.-H. Chen, â€Å"Emotion classification using web blog corpora,† Proc. IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, Nov. 2007, 275-278. [9] C. M. Lee, S. S. Narayanan, and R. Pieraccini, Combining Acoustic and Language Information for Emotion Recognition, Proc. 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 02), 2002, 873-876. [10]http://www.affectivesciences.org/reserachmaterial [11] http://www.weka.net.nz/

Qualitative Research: When People are at their Happiest

Qualitative Research: When People are at their Happiest Abstract The main aim of this research was to assess when people are at their happiest, previous research that was carried out was explored for an in-depth knowledge of how individual states of happiness varies and also that happiness mean different things to different people. Happiness is one of the most important part of life for people to attain good health. Thematic analysis method was used in this qualitative research study and a semi structured interview was carried out on two participant’s one male and one female. There were four key themes that emerged from the analysed transcripts, the themes were: Relationship, Well-being, Hobbies and Achievements. (105 words) Introduction This research evaluated when people are at their happiest by using a qualitative research method to conduct an interview to gain a better understanding of people’s opinion on happiness. Most people main purpose in life is to find happiness in everything that they do, when people talk about happiness they relate it to pleasure of a particular moment in their life, or attaining a set goal, pleasure in some ways is a part of happiness but it is not the meaning of happiness. Happiness according to Peterson (2006). Is a very complex aspect of positive psychology, there are different traditional theories for happiness, the way each person measures happiness and its implications differs from one person to another. Perhaps some people thinks if they are financially secure, own a big house or car will make them happy, according to psychologist happy people are those that are not focussed on their set goals but instead the people that are involved in the presence of the moment. (Wiederm an, 2007). There are different routes to achieving a happy life, according to Seligman (2002). People need at least one route to attain a full potential happiness for them to accomplish their desire. The definition of happiness in a scientific aspect of subjective well-being, it is the feeling of satisfaction and affective balance for an individual. (Joseph Linley, 2006). Happiness entails a lot of other things apart from personal important goals that an individual might have set for themselves. Different experimental studies found out that happiness is connected to different desirable benefits that occurs in favour of an individual but because people compare themselves to others it creates an engender unhappiness (Lyubomirsky, 2005). But if happiness is strongly pursued, it can increase the chances for a person to fully attain such desire, especially for an extroverted personality, psychologist suggested that extroverts are happier people (Mauss, Tamir, Anderson, Savino, 2011). This therefore leads to the research question when are people at their happiest? According to the study carried out by Lymbomirsky (2005). It revealed a positive correlation between happiness and success, not that success brings happiness but rather successful people tends to be happier than people that are not successful. It is important to consider individual differences wh en discussing happiness, because it is a common issue that arises when we generalise what happiness means. There are different methods to measure what makes people happy but best and common method used on this topic question is to conduct a qualitative research using a semi structured interview schedule, this method will enable the researchers to gain personal understanding of the participant’s happiest moments and also it will allow them to consider individual differences on what makes them happy. (452 words) Method200 In this study there were two participants one male and one female who took part in a semi structured interview that lasted for approximately fifteen minute, the interview was conducted at a convenient location for both parties involved in the research, a tape recorder was used to take note. All ethical guidelines were followed and a detailed information form was given to the participant, also participants were told that the information provided will be confidential and recorded to be transcribed and analysed. The participant gave a verbal consent to carry out the interview after the research read out the information forms, at the end of the interview all participants were provided a debrief form that includes the details of the researchers in order for the participants to contact them if they have any further questions after the interview. They were also told that they can withdraw from the research at any time. Thematic analysis and a first order coding was used to transcribe and id entify patterns that were formed in the data, this further enabled the researchers to analyse the themes that emerged from the data and through this they were able to explore the data in detail, this also enabled a thorough assessment to be carried out, and subsequently able to identify the themes and sub-themes that emerged before analysing the data (Kvale, 2007). (223 words) Analysis and Discussion The main goal of this study is to analyse the interview that was carried out to assess participant’s state of happiness, there were two participants and I will analyse and discuss the different response to the same questions that were asked by the interviewer. It emerged that people’s view of happiness are different, we live in a world where happiness means different things to different people, some people are very materialistic, but some are not. Unfortunately material possessions does not bring happiness all the time. Due to individual life-style choices consequently have an impact on how we experience the world. Some of the targets that we set for ourselves can affect the way we experience the world and the level of happiness we experience. Thus from this research it is obvious that accomplishment and fulfilment are very important to peoples life. From the literature review psychologist have found out that when we focus on fulfilling this set goals we will more or le ss deny the processes of achieving the full potential happiness. Due to the rise of anxiety and stress levels from the pursuit of accomplishing this goals and to achieve their desires in life, therefore creates issues with the well-being, this happens most especially when it involves personal benefits (Wiederman, 2007). From the interview the most occurring theme was how the participants value their relationships with other people most especially families and friends. It is important to relate our source of happiness with other people. It is hard to see an isolated person who would say that they are completely happy (Wiederman, 2007). In this study wedding day seems to be the top of what makes people happy, the two participants also recognised that when they had their children was one of their happiest moment, this confirmed that we all need other people in order to attain a full potential happiness. There have been series of sequence that emerged during this research on when are people at their happiest? The two participants that took part in this study talked about their state of happiness, the interview schedule had six questions, and one of the example of the questions presented to the participants was: what does happiness mean to you? (See Appendix B). There were four key themes that emerged from the analysed data they are, Relationship, Well-being, Hobbies and Achievements. Theme One: Relationship This is the most salient theme that emerged from this study, ‘Relationship’ was severally referred to by the participant across different questions that was asked. The theme has different aspect to it, with sub-heading as: relationship with family and relationship with other people. Through this two sub-headings the main theme emerged. The sub-heading of relationship with family and others include comments from participants regarding how they take family life serious and also how they value there relationships with other people, both participants were immersed with happiness when they are with their families and friends. An example of the Relationship theme is this comment from participant one: â€Å"I enjoy having people around me, because as a family I am a father with 3 children they are the most important part of my life and seeing them with my wife around and healthy always makes me feel content and happy† ( Appendix D. line 009 – 012). â€Å"I like to be around my friends and families to share my happiness. Spending time with them also adds to my happiness† (Appendix E. Line 038 040) Theme Two: Well-being From the above theme on relationship and the quotations from the participants, ‘Well-being’ manifested as another important theme in the data. The participant relate his physical and spiritual well-being as what makes him happy, there were two sub theme for Well-being and they are social well-being and physical well-being. The participant’s view of happiness is not in one angle rather it was seen in different realm. The quotation was from participants 1 interview. â€Å"Personally I think happiness is a complete compendium which include my state of mind which is how I feel and it involved both my physical state and my spiritual state must all be in tune (in a good form) in order for me to be fully happy.† (Appendix D, Line 031 035). Theme Three: Achievements This theme came about from the sub-heading of goals, education, marriage and having children. The two participants discussed a lot about achieving their set goals and getting through university had boosted their happiness, but the achievements that stand out for the two participants was getting married and having children. From the literature review in the introduction section we can see what psychologist says about people that set goals in order to achieve happiness. An example for the Achievement theme was from participant 2: â€Å"Getting married and being a beautiful bride is something that I wanted as a little girl it was almost my first childhood dream. I was like a princess for the day.† (Appendix E, Line 051 055). . †Feeling that you are doing what you want to do and also achieve your goals.† (Appendix E, Line 033 034). Theme Four: Hobbies And the last theme was titled Hobbies, this theme was created to back up how people releases their daily stress (for instance stress from work or studies) in order to keep the level of happiness at the base-line will reduce anxieties that leads to stress, because people that are constantly stress are more likely to be unhappy. An example for the Hobbies theme was from the interview of participant 2: â€Å"I like to go for a run. This is what I enjoy it relaxes me and also I like to be fit. Especially as a nurse the work can be very stressful and demanding. I have to be on my feet long day. I enjoy running in the park not on the street though.† (Appendix E, Line 075 080). Reflexive Analysis250 During this research I might have impacted on the quality of the interview because of my health condition at the time it was carried out. For the period of the interview I was time conscious mainly because I do not want to over or under interview the participant, this might be due to the fact that it was my first time carryout an interview and also the layout of the questions for the interview could have been somehow expanded to enable the participant to think better in depth about their state of happiness. While I was carrying out the analysis I had a headache which made me grumpy, this might have impacted on the direction of this analysis. It is possible that someone else would approach the research in a different way depending on their mood and well-being. And in future I will create a better layout of questions to enable better understanding for the participants, which will cause less tension for me and therefore create a better experience for me and the participant. At some poin t during the interview session there were some silence’s that I found a bit uncomfortable, and also when the participant was talking about his sexual life, about how he loves having sex and it enables him to be more relaxed. But overall I had a great experience during this research. This interview has made me to realise that money cannot buy you happiness, and also that people are more likely to be happy when they achieve their aim in life. (256 words) References Joseph, S., Linley, P. A. (2006). Positive Therapy: A meta-theory for positive psychological practice. East Sussex: Routledge. Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews, chapter 5: conducting an interview,. London: Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://my.bucks.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-396672-dt-content-rid-518515_1/courses/PS504-13SB/Doing interviews Ch 5 Kvale Steinar.pdf Lyubomirsky, S. K. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803– 855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909 .131.6.803 Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., Savino, N. (2011). Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness. Emotion, 11(4), 807-815. doi:10.1037/a0024986 Peterson, C. (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press. Wiederman, M. (2007). Why its so hard to be happy. Scientific American Mind, 18(1), 36-43. doi:15552284

Pretty Painless Piercing :: essays research papers

On March 26, 2004, I rushed out the doors of my high school and went to pick up my friend Tommy from his high school. He climbed in the car and off we went to New Image Tattoo and Piercing. I was so nervous on the way there but super excited because I was going to get my first body piercing. I was scared and nervous because I only had my ears pierced. My mom got them done when I was six months old, so I don’t remember if it hurt or not. Plus, my parents didn’t know that I was going to get a piercing, so not knowing their reaction was a big concern. As much as I was scared about the outcome, the adrenaline was still pumping through my body like beats in a club playing hip hop. As I pulled into the parking lot, I started having second thoughts. I’ve never done anything like this before and I thought if my parents found out that they’d make me take out my piercing. As I walked through the doors and into the waiting area I was greeted by Bart, one of the owners. We talked for a little while and I had to fill out papers as well as pick a navel ring. My choices were barbells or hoops. They recommended a hoop for easier cleaning and a little faster healing time. Since I was going to the beach for senior week in three months, and the hoops were cuter, I choose the hoop. It was a silver hoop with a red ball. I requested Kurt, the same guy who did my friends piercing. I heard a lot of good recommendations, so that’s who I wanted. He took me into the room and explained everything as he was opening the packages to everything he was going to use. He explained how to clean my new piercing, as well as healing time. He had me stand up so he could mark me so the piercing would be straight and then had me sit back down. He reclined the chair and I peaked my head up so I could watch as he pierced my belly button but I got yelled at. He explained that the piercing could become off center because I was using stomach muscles to pull myself up to watch. So I put my head back down and he used a breathing technique with me.

Lipsets American Creed :: essays research papers

Lipset's American Creed Liberty. Egalitarianism. Individualism. Populism. Laissez-faire. These five concepts embody the "American creed" as described by author Seymour Martin Lipset. Lipset feels that this "American creed" is representative of an ideology that all Americans share. Lipset's argument is on shaky ground, however, when scrutinized under the microscope of race. Racial relations in this country do much to undermine the validity of Lipset's argument, especially the concepts of egalitarianism and populism. Take, for example, The Deforming Mirror of Truth, the introduction to a book by Nathan Huggins entitled Black Odyssey: The African-American Ordeal in Slavery. This introduction focuses on how slavery fit into the national consciousness. Without a doubt, there is a powerful abnormality in the founding of America. The documents establishing a country where all men are created equal neglect to address, or even mention by name, those people whose lives were "merely the extension of the master's will" (Huggins xiv). Indeed, this suggests that the Founding Fathers had an "out of sight, out of mind" mentality towards the issue of slavery. While Huggins understands why the Founding Fathers may have elected to ignore the issue, he hardly thinks that it was a good idea. "It encouraged the belief that American history-its institutions, its values, its people- was one thing and racial slavery and oppression were a different story" (Huggins xii). He reinforces this idea by looking at the historical perspective that was prevalent in America until only recently. "American historians, guarding the ideological integrity of the center, have wanted to treat race and slavery as matters apart from the real, central story of American history" (Huggins xvi). Race and slavery. Two concepts that most people would agree are forever linked in America. To assume that blacks and white became equals after the Emancipation Proclamation and the Civil War is ludicrous. The South immediately began establishing what came to be known as Jim Crow laws. Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, wrote in a court document that "black" Americans (which is to say any American of African decent) had "no rights a white man need respect". This statement included those blacks who were not slaves. Furthermore, it was only in the latter half of this century that the nation became integrated, and there are still Affirmative Action laws in place to ensure fair consideration of all individuals on the job market. Is this a country of equality? Is egalitarianism a value embraced by all Americans? It is obvious what Nathan Huggins thinks of the matter. The concept of populism also falls under fire when considered from a racial standpoint.

Canterbury Tales Essay - Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath :: Wife of Bath Essays

The Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath The Wife of Bath is a very envious women, who desires only a few simple things in life. She likes to make mirror images of herself, through her stories, which in some way reflects the person who she really is. This is all proven through the many ways she portrays her characters. The Wife of Bath desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. In a relationship, she wishes to be the dominant of the two. The one who has the last say. The one who is in control and decides all of the matters in the relationship. This is shown in her tale when the knight fulfills his task to her."'...a women wants the self-same sovereignty over her husband and her lover. And master him: he must not be above her. This is your greatest wish...' In the court not one that shook her head or contradicted what the knight had said..." (lines 164-170) The knight had spoken and fulfilled his quest, he found what women what the best. No women in the assembly disagreed with the knight's reply and certainly not the old hag. So it must be true power is what women what the most. There is another example of the desire of power for the women it the relationship. The old hag, after marrying the knight, gives him a choice. For her to either stay ugly and be faithful or to become beautiful and wonder. " 'My lady, my love, my dearest wife, I leave the matter to your wise decision. You make the choice yourself, for the provision. I don't care which; whatever pleases you suffices me.'" "'Have I won the mastery?' she said 'Since I am to choose and rule as I think fit?'" "'Certainly, wife, that's it.'" (lines 310-318) Consequently, the hag became beautiful, but yet still faithful. This example shows how happy the women became when she was given the power. So happy that she rewarded her husband by becoming beautiful. " 'And may Christ Jesus send us husbands (that are) meek and young and fresh in bed. And grace to overbid them when we wed.and-Jesu hear my prayer!- cut short the lives of the those who won't be governed by their wives.

Hardware Justification Essay

This is the system that the computer runs on and it is required of me to run MS Access 2003. Even though the latest operating system available is Windows Vista, I would recommend using Windows XP Professional because it is much more cost effective and does exactly what is required by MS Access 2003, allowing it to run as it should and as is required. My business plans on getting this system at as low costs as possible and by getting XP instead of Vista, it will reduce the costs. It costs; i 428. 99 including VAT and shipping from Dell: http://configure. euro. dell. com/dellstore/config. aspx? oc=d045001&c=uk&l=en&s=dhs&cs=ukdhs1&kc=segtopic~winxp_inspndt RAM (Random access memory) RAM helps the database to work at an acceptable speed and I recommend 64MB of RAM as the system will need plenty of memory for storing its data, if a Windows XP operating system is used, as my end user also needs the database to work fast for the business to function efficiently. Hard Drive The only use for the computer is to run MS Access 2003 and other Microsoft applications such as word processing as well as internet explorer/email, so there is no need to buy a hard drive with an excessive amount of storage which won’t be used, this would increase the price of the computer. The hard drive which comes with the Dell computer contains 160GB which will be plenty for the company to store all of there important files. Monitor. The monitor included in the sale of the Dell computer is a 17†³ flat screen monitor, this will be the perfect size for the staff at the company because they will have no problems reading off from it, the monitor displays information in colour also making it easily viewed and allowing people to appreciate the format and style of the new system. Keyboard and Mouse The keyboard and mouse included in the price of the Dell computer will be perfectly fine for the company to use as they are Dell’s own brand; the mouse is responsive and has a laser movement feature as opposed to a roller ball which is less responsive. The keyboard will also function effectively for the company as needed. Software The software I require is Microsoft Access, although there are many versions of this from the different years. The very latest version of the software is 2007 but I think it would be more effective for the company to purchase the 2003 version as this is the version it will be created on. Also purchasing a earlier version will be more cost effective for the company, Access is included in the Microsoft Office Professional Software alongside word, publisher, excel etc. Processor The processor used by the Dell PC is; Intel(r) Celeron(r) 420 Processor (1. 6GHz,800MHz,512k cache) which again will be plenty for the company to run the programs which they need as these programs do not take up so much space to store and run meaning that a faster processor wouldn’t affect their operating speed too much.

From Relative Isolation to Global Involvement Essay

At the time of the Spanish American War the United States went from relative isolation to increased global involvement because of 1. The spirit of the American people captured by the idea of the frontier and, 2. The belief it was the duty of America to maintain peace of all nations. The consequences of this increased global involvement on American Society was 3. The clashing views of the imperialist and anti-imperialist parties. America first took a step towards greater world involvement due to 1. The effects of the frontier on the American spirit. In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner delivered the idea of â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† to a gathering of historians. According to Turner, the frontier was â€Å"the line of most rapid Americanization.†1 The idea of the frontier as explained by Turner looks at the constant movement westward by the European’s who came to America. It speaks of the time from the first arrival until the time when there is no longer a frontier line, and how the nation developed as the movement westward continued. â€Å"Little by little he transforms the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old Europe, not simply the development of Germanic germs, any more than the first phenomenon was a case of reversion to the Germanic mark. The fact is, that here is a new product that is American. At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast. It was the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Moving westward, the frontier became more and more American.†2 As the Americans ventured westward each new move past a frontier was developed on trials of the one before it. Whereas most of the time expansion would be met by other people whom have conquered that land, this was not the case for America, which provided it with a unique opportunity. It was then brought back to the primitive stage as each frontier was advanced upon, giving rise to new forms of government and institutions. The movement of the frontier until there no longer was a line was the main cause of Americanization as America quickly expanded and developed its own ideals apart from that of its mother nation. Americans quickly fell in love with the ideas that they had set in place and started to form imperialistic ideals that it should begin to expand its c ommercial interests elsewhere into the world. As American enjoyed continued expansion and development it was then led to greater world involvement due to 2. The belief that it was the duty of the American people to maintain peace in the world. As time progresses from the days of Washington’s presidency to the time of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency we see an important shift in the foreign policy of the United States. In Washington’s Farewell Address he warned of the involvement in foreign affairs stating, â€Å"†¦a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification.†3 This was the common thought of the time and it was once again exemplified in the Monroe Doctrine d uring President Monroe’s annual message to the Congress in 1823. â€Å" In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so.†4 These thoughts of remaining neutral from partaking in foreign affairs remain forefront for the most part up until 1905 when Theodore Roosevelt made a Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. At this point in time we see the shift in American thinking that it is there duty as a nation to intervene on world affairs in a peaceful way as to promote the welfare of all. It also goes on to speak of how if other countries are not acting in a moral way that it would be the responsibility of the American people to intervene in the fashion of an international police. â€Å"Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.†5 These three important historic documents show the shifting foreign policy of America as a nation leading up to and shortly following the Spanish-American war. The consequence of this increased world involvement on the American society  was 3. The rising debate over imperialistic ideals and anti-imperialistic ideals. A major turning point in the ideals of American’s was the conquest of the Philippines. It was regrettably that McKinley was forced into war through exaggerated newspaper articles that caused much uproar in the American society and provided a final push towards the United States entering war with Spain. Following the war President McKinley was quoted as saying: â€Å"When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I confess I did not know what to do with them†¦ And one night late it came to me this way†¦1) That we could not give them back to Spain- that would be cowardly and dishonorable; 2) that we could not turn them over to France and Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable; 3) that we not leave them to themselves-they are unfit for self-government-and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s wars; and 4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died.†6 This caused much debate in the American society and while many agreed that it was the duty of the United States to do as McKinley said, others argued that this imperialistic way of acting was not at all in line with the foundations the country was built on. This was the start of the Anti-Imperialist League. The Anti-Imperialist League argued that â€Å"†¦imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free.†7 They believed that the imperialistic ideal was directly attacking the ideas that were the backbone of the nation for such a long time that it was a crime to believe in them and practice them. Although there was much debate over these topics, America continued onward with its expansion in the years to come.

Business Plan For Sunshine Bakery Essay

Sunshine Bakery will be specializing in visually attractive cupcakes and cakes. There has been a significant increase in demand for whimsical, overindulgent and visually stimulating cakes, and Sunshine Bakery will target special events such as weddings, birthdays, christenings, bachelorette parties and stork teas. The Products Sunshine offers a wide range of speciality cakes. All the flavours will be available in both cupcakes or cakes. The different flavours on offer are: vanilla, lemon, strawberry, chocolate, cheesecake, cherry cream and blue berry. Customers Sunshine will focus on three distinct customer segments. The first group is the wedding group. This segment is growing at 15% a year with 32,000 potential customers. The second niche is the parties group. This segment is also growing at 15% with 14,200 potential people. The last group is the individual buyer (walk-in) group. This niche also is growing at 15% with 48,000 possible customers. Management Team Recognizing the importance of human capital, Sunshine has assembled a strong management team. The team is led by Merlin Hull. Merlin comes to Sunshine with 10 years of baking experience. In addition to her industry specific experience, Merlin has had 2 years of management experience. Robert Morgan brings financial skills to Sunshine after a 15 year CPA career. Marlene Hendricks will lead the marketing efforts having participated in her own PR firm. Lastly, Debbie Reitz will be on the team as an assistant baker with over five years of experience. Objectives To establish a working storefront for Sunshine Bakery. To develop the strong presence in the community needed to support sales goals. To develop a full menu by the end of the second quarter. Mission Sunshine Bakery aims to be a cornerstone in the community creating a  neighbourhood atmosphere where customers feel comfortable and become instant regulars.We seek fair and responsible profit, enough to keep the company financially healthy for the long term and to fairly compensate owners and investors for their money and risk. Company Summary Sunshine Bakery will be located in downtown Mellville in a historical building. This downtown district is a very popular destination because of the historical architecture for weekenders and tourists. Company Ownership Currently Sunshine Bakery is a sole proprietorship owned by Merlin Hull. Eventually, as the company becomes established, Sunshine Bakery will apply to be incorporated. Start-up Summary The primary expense to establish the Sunshine Bakery is the mortgage loan estimated at R1,750,000 to purchase the vacant space on 7th street. The building was previously used as a bakery and we plan to buy the used equipment along with the space. This cost is also calculated into the loan estimate. Merlin Hull intends to invest R70,500 of her savings to cover the other cost of start-up. These costs include: Advertising brochures. Bakery ingredients. Insurance. Bakery accessories, i.e. paper bags, cartons, etc. Products Sunshine Bakery provides specialized cakes and cupcakes at premium prices for special occasions. The following flavours will be available vanilla, lemon, strawberry, chocolate, cheesecake, cherry cream and blue berry. Market Analysis Summary Our focus will be to target weddings, birthday parties, Easter celebrations, bachelorette parties and stork teas. Market Segmentation Our target market consists of three groups: The Wedding Group The wedding industry is booming and Sunshine bakery will focus on this group for whom a premium price can be charged for specialized and custom made cakes or cupcakes. The Parties Group This group will probably pre-order a variety of flavours, and it is not such a labour intensive order, because they will probably go for the less expensive option of choosing our standard products. The Individual Buyer or â€Å"Walk-in† Group Sunshine’s premises in the Bellville area, is a very popular destination because of the historical architecture for weekenders and tourists, which makes this segment a lucrative option. We will focus on window display to attract passersby. Target Market Segment Strategy In our target market, we will mainly focus on the â€Å"wedding group† since they will spend the most per order. We expect that the â€Å"parties† and the ‘†individual buyer† group will make up a smaller portion of our customers. We are specifically filling the speciality cakes needs of the â€Å"wedding group†, so we expect the most business from this group. Industry Analysis Sunshine Bakery competes in the Food Services Industry. In addition to competing with other specialized cakes bakeries, it competes with all restaurants, delis, bakeries and supermarkets for a share of its customers’ food expense. Sunshine is most concerned with competitors who differentiate their products and services with a creative and arty focus. Because this group is so large, Sunshine has chosen to limit its analysis to other specialized cakes bakeries. Competition and Buying Patterns Currently there are two bakeries in town that provide specialized cakes: Cupcakes from Heaven Strengths: Stocks freshly baked cupcakes and cakes. Well-  established bakery in town. Sells cakes in local grocery stores. Weaknesses: Does not provide a wide selection of flavours. Furthermore the texture and flavor of their cakes is very dense and lacks zest. Life is Beautiful Patisserie Strengths: Makes cakes and brownies every day. Will make custom-ordered non- gluten cakes. Weaknesses: Does not produce a wide selection or large quantity of cupcakes. Their main focus is traditional flavour large cakes. Strategy and Implementation Summary Our strategy focuses on serving a niche market with quality goods. We are determined to become a part of the community—an establishment that becomes as much of the community as a church or local grocery store. To achieve these goals, we will provide the following: Friendly, neighbourhood-feel atmosphere Quality baked goods for everyone to enjoy at a fair price Visually attractive cakes and cupcakes Coffee sales will be higher in winter months, and for summer months sales of sodas Competitive Edge Our competitive edge is our quality of goods. We use only products of the highest quality that create incredible feathery cakes that can’t be matched. We also focus mainly on whimsical and modern flavours and designs. The other bakeries in town focus on traditional flavours. Sales Strategy Our strategy focuses on building a customer base by providing good customer experience. With the addition of the coffee bar and lunch menu in early spring, we hope to have customers make the bakery their one-stop destination for breakfast or lunch. In the summer, when we open the outdoor patio, more and more customers will make the bakery a destination for their lunches more often since the atmosphere will be so pleasing. Sales Forecast Our sales forecast assumes the following changes: Cake sales in the summer months will be slightly higher since the wedding season is at its peak during summer months. Coffee sales will increase  during winter months. Please insert a Sales forecast graph here, indicating the projected sales for 12 months. Management Summary Merlin Hull is the founder of Sunshine Bakery. She brings to the bakery her experience as a baker and as an entrepreneur. She has worked as a baker for over 10 years including two years as an apprentice in a well-known Paris patisserie. As a teenager she helped her parents at the family’s general store, both in sales and marketing. For her last two years at her family’s store, she was the general employee manager. Her duties at the bakery will include employee hiring and training, head baker and store management. Robert Morgan has run his own successful CPA consulting firm for 15 years. His duties will include the bookkeeping, inventory management and stock fulfilment. Marlene Hendricks runs her own PR company and will be assisting the Sunshine Bakery in its marketing campaigns on a part-time basis.

Casualization and Its Effects in Kenya

Impact of Labor Laws in Mitigating Effects of casualisation in Kenya Humphrey Mwangi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1413/2009 Franklin Mutwiri  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1604/2009 Patrick Mutai  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-0087/2009 John Warihe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1268/2009 Susan Awuor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1222/2009 Mary Mumira  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1246/2009 James Otunga  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1421/2009 Kevin Kariuki  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HD333-BOI-1249/2009 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology CBD Campus Presented to E. O. Achoch Abstract This study explores and examines the actual impact of labor legislation in mitigating the disturbing issue of casualisation of work in Kenya. The increase in casualisation in the country is a subject of great controversy. Increasingly casual employees are filling positions that are permanent in nature. Behind employee vulnerability in the country is the high levels of unemployment and accompanying poverty. Poverty has bred a dangerous work environment where many desperate job seekers in the labor force are willing to take any job for survival purposes rather than dignity. This is a big challenge for trade unions in their pursuit to protect and advance workers’ rights and foster decent work conditions. The study attempts to cover the following as per the terms of reference: What exactly is casualisation of work, How wide spread is it in Kenya, What difference has new provision in labor legislation made on casuals according to gender, occupation, status etc, How Labor Laws Have Affected Aspects Of Casual Workers rights, do labor laws affect the family of casual workers communities and local stakeholders such as trade union and NGO’s and what are the views of employers’ in terms of impact of labor laws and casualisation of work and their sustainability. Keywords: Federation of Kenyan Employers, Standard Employment Regulation Impact of Labor Laws in Mitigating Effects of casualisation in Kenya Collins Dictionary defines casualisation as altering of working practices so that regular workers are re-employed on a casual or short-term basis. Casual employment is also referred in some literatures as â€Å"precariousness† a familiar term in employment (Burgess and Campbell 1998; Weller and Webber 2001; Hunter 2006). Precariousness is seen in terms of bundles of job characteristics to do with insecurity and poor quality of life. It is characterized with lack of regulatory protection and working time insecurity Casualisation of a workforce is therefore reduction in full or part time employees and their replacement with employees who are called in on an as-needed or casual basis. This can reduce the employees working conditions by reducing the commitment from the employer to them, and giving the employer opportunities to control them by reducing their hours. Casual workers can be more difficult for employers to manage as they have no guarantee of finding available employees at any time, but they have the advantage of only employing people when they have the work for them An elastic approach to casualisation refer to non-standard and non-permanent employment relationships such as temporary work, fixed term contracts, seasonal work and subcontracting or outsourcing. It is also important to make a further distinction between casuals that are employed directly by the company or those that are supplied through outsourcing and subcontracting arrangements. Typically support services such as cleaning and catering and in some cases transportation and distribution and security are subcontracted. According to Okougbo (2004) casualisation of work is characterized by demand for employment which is highly variable such as port work, farm work, farm migratory work and other jobs of unskilled intermittent nature. He further states that contract labor is a form of involuntary servitude for a period of time. Labor and service contracts are terms used by management to describe contract labor. Management sometimes refers to it as â€Å"body shop† or â€Å"direct hire† while other refer to contract labor as service providers. Neo-liberal market restructuring globally and in the region is the driving force behind the sharp increase in casualisation. Neo-liberalism seeks to deregulate markets including the labor market to increase labor flexibility. In short, employers want the freedom to pay low wage, change the number of workers and how and when work is conducted thus this is casualisation. According to the employment act (2007) If an employee works for a period or a number of continuous working days which amount in the aggregate to the equivalent of not less than one month, or performs work which can not reasonably be expected to be completed within a period, or a number of working days amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of three months or more, then the contract of service of the casual employee shall be deemed to be one where wages are paid monthly and section 35 (1) (c) shall apply to that contract of service. Labor Relations Act which prescribes that casual worker should be employed permanently after three months of continuous work besides which employees are supposed to be provided with medical and housing benefits. The Act also stipulate that an employee whose contract of service has been converted in accordance with subsection (1) (Employment Act, 2007) and who works continuously for two months or more from the date of employment as a casual employee shall be entitled to such terms and conditions of service as he / she would have been entitled to under this Act (Employment Act, 2007) had he not initially been employed as a casual employee. These include:- †¢ Notice. Where the contract is to pay wages or salary periodically at intervals of or exceeding one month, a contract is terminable by either party at the end of the period of twenty-eight days next following the giving of notice in writing †¢ Working hours. An employer shall regulate the working hours of each employee in accordance with the provisions of this Act and any other written law. Rest period. According to the employment Act subsection (1), an employee shall be entitled to at least one rest day in every period of seven days. Annual leave. After every twelve consecutive months of service with his employer to not less than twenty-one working days of leave with full pay †¢ Maternity leave. A female employee shall be entitled to three months maternity leave with full pay. The female employee shall have the right to return to the job which she held immediately prior to her maternity leave or to a reasonably suitable job on terms and conditions no t less favorable than those which would have applied had she not been on maternity leave. A male employer shall be entitled to two weeks paternity leave with full pay. †¢ Sick leave. After two consecutive months of service with his employer, an employee shall be entitled to sick leave of not less than seven days with full pay and thereafter to sick leave of seven days with half pay. †¢ Medical attention. Subject to subsection (2), an employer shall ensure the provision sufficient and of proper medicine for his employees during illness and if possible, medical attendance during serious illness. †¢ Service pay. The casual shall be entitled to service pay for every year worked, the terms of which shall be fixed. The wage bill in the private sector, a key driver of household consumption, is increasingly dipping as most employers opt for casual workers to cushion themselves against a harsh business environment. Despite stiff regulations introduced last year to protect casual workers from exploitation, thus making hiring of such employees expensive, Government statistics (GOK, 2006) show that casual employment grew by 13 per cent last year compared to a five per cent growth in 2007. Comparatively, the levels of regular employment dipped 2. 9 per cent in 2008, reflecting employers' preference of hiring casuals during the period, says the 2009 Economic Survey (GOK 2009). Casual workers accounted for 32 per cent of total wage employment. As a result of this preference, the private sector wage bill grew by a measly 10 per cent, compared to a 14. 6 per cent rise in 2007. This is attributed to increased use of casual laborers whose pay is usually lower than that of regular employees. The economy is also gradually sliding into a largely casual employment which could have dire implications in the already turbulent labor market,. This would reduce domestic consumption as households will have less to spend, thus reducing demand in the productive sectors and hampering poverty eradication. The Enactment of the Employment Act by Kenyan parliament roots for better protection of casual laborers by making it mandatory for employers to remit statutory deductions to the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF). Previously, casual and contract workers – who constitute the majority of Kenyan workforce and include house-helps, watchmen, matatu touts and building and construction workers did not qualify for most of the benefits that are available to permanent employees. There is also a bigger risk of lay -offs for casual workers to escape the statutory contributions. The greatest impact that the new laws have had in the labor market is to push employers towards outsourcing the services of workers they would ordinarily employ as casuals to cut costs. This had negatively affected the job market in that companies cannot absorb more jobs and worse still, they have to cut their marketing and advertising budgets to cope. Casual employment remains the cheapest way of engaging workers, especially so at these hard economic times when employers focus is on taming labor costs. But the flipside is that we might end up with lower revenues from income tax if the labor market was to be largely made up of casuals. The purchasing power for families will also reduce drastically. Hired on short-term contracts, casual workers strive to fulfill production quotas for long working hours under poor working conditions and low wages, often without maternity or sick leave, housing and medical allowances. Most of them are denied right to join trade unions and basic services like water while some are victims of reported sexual harassment at the work place. They face stiff penalties for mistakes, work while sitting or standing for between eight and twelve hours daily, with only a forty five minute break in between, in order to beat the quota set by supervisors Kugler et al (2003). Their daily pay is between Sh120 and Sh160 but a percentage is deducted ostensibly for social security or hospital insurance contributions, which rarely benefit them (GOK, 2003). Casual labor market is perpetuated by lack of any permanent, on-going attachment between employer and worker (Ralph C. 1960). Where this condition exists and where entry of worker is easy due to low skill requirements and the absence of institutional barriers, the labor market is likely to accumulate a chronic surplus of supply. The resultant highly competitive market is conducive to corrupt hiring practice and a wide variety of other social evils. Casual workers provide cover at short notice for the absence of permanent staff. Some may belong to an area â€Å"pool† of relief workers who are contracted when work becomes available. The key characteristics of a casual worker are; †¢ They are offered work for a specific day or session only †¢ They have no right to be offered work beyond that day or session There is no regularity of work. It is characterized with lack of regulatory protection and working-time insecurity (Tham, 2007). In contrast to standard employment, there’s little right to protection against unfair dismissal and no right to notice in case of dismissal (O’Donnell, 2004). As a result casual tends to have even less employment security than fixed term employees since they can be dismissed with ease at almost any time. This greatly affects their financial proposition as they are not sure of their fate-they literally live a day at a time. Most dramatically, casual employment is exempted from almost all rights and benefits that have come to be attached to â€Å"permanent† contracts. These include such basic entitlements as annual leave, sick leave and payment for public holidays (Watson et al, 2003). The main attribute is a simple entitlement to wage enhanced in some cases by so called casual loading on the hourly rate of pay. Precariousness has several dimensions but ultimately two of which impact greatly on casual labor rights. These include; †¢ Lack of regulatory protection Working-time insecurity Other critical dimensions may include low and irregular earnings and employment insecurity which statues are overwhelmingly silent on. Statutory regulations has played only a limited role in establishing a standard employment regulation (SER) through the provision of dynamic standards to support a platform of â€Å"decent† work (Cooney et al, 2006). However, it is a complicated and layered system leaving sizeable gaps as a result of poor coverage, poor enforcement and exemptions. The award system provides a large array of rights and entitlements for employees but these are generally confined to full time permanent (standard) employees (Campbell, 2004). These clauses permit casual employment under certain limitations and then specify that casual workers are exempted from most rights entitlements starting with employment protections such as rights to notice and compensation for dismissal. This lack of regulatory protection is not confined to non-standard work. It can also apply to parts of standard workforce where gaps in protection have been eroded. Standardized working time arrangements are central to SER. Deviations from the norms centered on working hours involves; †¢ irregular work hour both in number and timing †¢ overly short †¢ overly long These represent a much change in present period, drains employees, control over work and sponsoring increased working-time insecurity. Another central feature of casual employment is the ability of employers to determine the number and timing of hours and to alter these at short notice. Casuals appears here as easily available, easily deployed in workplace and then easily disposable (Walsh et al, 1999). Negotiation of working hours is commonly a rather fraught process in which workers are often reluctant to refuse shifts-even at short notice and even at inconvenient times-for fear of jeopardizing future offers (Pocock et al, 2004). According to Barone (2001) there do exists various institutional arrangements that can provide employment protection; the private market, labor legislation, collective bargaining arrangements and contractual provisions. Some forms of de facto regulations are also likely to be adopted even in the absence of legislation simply because both workers and firms can derive advantages from long-term employment relations (OECD,1999). This is invariably averse to employment protection legislation which has of recent days been seen to shut its doors on plight of casuals (Kugler et al,2003). Employer’s opinion on casualisation can also be deduced from Federation of Kenyan Employers which is a registered umbrella body of employers in Kenya. FKE has duties such as; to encourage the principle of sound industrial relations and observance of fair labor practices as well as to promote sound management practices amongst employers through training, research and consultancy services and adoption of best practices. FKE was established in January 1969 in response to the activities of the then-Kenya Federation of Labor, which had unified the trade union movement into a single entity. The employers felt they needed an organization that could represent them on major social and economic issues. Since then, the Federation has gained considerable strength and power. It started as a body with only 161 employers; today it represents about 3,000. On the thorny issue of casual labor, the group has few real answers. Since a large number of Kenya's industries are seasonal in nature, like agriculture, hotels, restaurants, plantations and other related businesses, it is very difficult to eliminate casual labor entirely. According to the employment act (2007) cap 35 (a) casual staff can be employed by a company if the contract will not exceed the three month agreement for casual staffing stipulated by the labor law. If there is to be a continuation of the person in the position beyond the three month agreement, the employer is expected to give a contract letter to the individual stipulating the terms of employment. Accordingly FKE (2007) casualisation is rife in the country; but most of the companies perpetuating the offence are not mainly its members, so this has limited what the organization can do about it. However, many employers argue that due to economic hardship not only witnessed in Kenya but globally, they are forced to employ their workers as casuals because they will not afford to sustain them  in the long run. Many companies usually have periods of booming and recessions in there businesses and such will determine employment of staff. Some industrial companies employ workers as casual for two months then they relieve them of their duties and hire new staffs. The treatment of â€Å"casuals,† says COTU Secretary-General, Francis Atwoli (2009), â€Å"has haunted the trade union movement for many years and is a throwback to the colonial era when workers were classified as casual people†. Atwoli believes the Kenyan labor movement could be strengthened if the casuals were allowed to unionize. To this end, COTU is now negotiating with the government to organize casual workers regardless of their salaries. COTU also wants all casual workers to become eligible for the benefits that permanent workers get: worker's compensation, housing and pensions. The COTU secretary-general recently flayed FKE for advocating that the government should institute more controls on wages. Atwoli sees such a move as an obstacle to expansion in industry. He argues that if workers are poorly paid, their purchasing power will remain low and they will not be able to afford manufactured goods. This will keep manufacturers from expanding and new jobs will remain an unfulfilled goal. Observers in business circles think investors view low wages with mixed emotions: while some foreign investors look at low wages as a sure means of maximizing profits, others see them as a sure way of reducing purchasing power in the market which could subsequently mean low sales. On the other hand, government economists argue that it is better to maintain low wages that the national economy can support rather than high wages that will lead to high inflation. FKE argues that â€Å"In raising minimum wages they are guided by certain factors like the ability of the economy,†Ã‚   To sustain any level of minimum wages, FKE says, other factors come into play like the level of unemployment in the country as well as the ability of the small employers to pay. FKE believes that COTU has to be realistic in its approach to the whole issue but FKE is studying COTU's demands. However, it should be noted all players i. e. the government, FKE and COTU concurs that unionizing casuals may be essential to safeguard the gains of all Kenyan workers. Low wages and limited benefits make casuals an attractive proposition for companies trying to cut costs. Discussion The exploding population will only exacerbate the situation as more and more workers enter a work market incapable of keeping pace with this growth. As the population growth continues to outpace the growth of jobs, employers will have increasing leverage to demand concessions from both workers and their unions. Kenya's labor movement must somehow address these issues if it is to continue to make progress on worker's rights. References Campell, 1 (2004) ‘Casual work and casaulisation: how does Australia Compare’? Labour and Industry, 15(2): 85-111. – (2007) ‘long working hours in Australia: working-time regulation and employer Pressures' Economic and Labour relation Review, 17(2): 37-68. – (2008a) ‘Australia: institutional changes and workforce fragmentation’, S. Lee and F Eyraud (eds) Globalization, Flexibilization and working condtion in Asia And the Pacific London: Chandos (2008b) ‘Pressing towards full employment? The persistence of underemployment in Australia’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, 61:0156-80. Cooney, S. , Howe, J. and Murray, J. (2006) ‘Time and money under Workchoices: Understanding the new workplace Relations Act as a scheme of regulation’, UNSW Law Journal 29(1): 215-41. Hunter, R. (2006) ‘the legal orudution of precarious work’, in j Fudge and R. Owens (eds) Precarious Work, Women and the new economy: the challenge to legal norms, Oxford: Hart. Junor, A. 1998) ‘permanent part-time work: new family-friendly standard or high Intensity cheap skills? ’, Labour and Industry, 8(3): 77-95. Pocock, B. , Buchanan, J. and Campbell, I. (2004) ‘Meeting the challenge of casual Work in Australia: evidence, past treatment and future policy’, Australia bulletin Of Labour, 30(1): 16-32 Pocock B. , Prosser, R. and Bridge, K. (2004) ‘Only a casual†¦ ‘: how casual work Affects employees, households and communiti es in Australia, Discussion Paper, Adelaide: Labour studies, university of Adelaide. Okougbo, E. 2004. Strategic Issues on the Dynamics of Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. Lagos: Wepoapo Enterprise. Weber, M. 1947. Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Gapitalism Tham, J-c (2007) ‘Towards an understanding of standard employment relationships Under Australian labor law’, Australian journal of labor law, 20(2): 123-58. Walsh, J. and Deery, s. (1999) ‘understanding the peripheral workforce: evidence From the service sector’, Human resource management Journal, 9(2): 50-63.