Public Budgeting - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 511 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Public Budgeting 1 Public Budgeting Introduction Public finance comprises any revenues or expenditures passing through state budgets, derived from whatever source and however spent. Public finance has to be accounted for within governmental budgets for it to qualify as public finance (Bailey, 2003). This paper will discuss the concept of public finance and its philosophy. There is a comparison of governmental accounting and nongovernmental accounting, and an explanation of the relationship between budgeting and financial reporting in government. Philosophy of Public Finance Public finance allows for communities to function effectively and for the needs of the people within each community to be met. This requires an extensive application of financial planning, scrutiny by multiple entities and reporting that displays the realistic methods that were used in meeting public needs. The philosophy of public finance is based on raising funds for public purposes (Gaffney, 2008). Gaffney (2008) said there are three aspects on the basis of which public finance functions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public Budgeting" essay for you Create order These are as follows: * On the basis of different activities in which public sectors are involved and the way of their organization such as revenues and expenditures. * Anticipation and realization of the results of different governmental activities, * On the basis of assessment of alternative policies. Public Budgeting 2 Contrast Governmental Accounting with Nongovernmental Accounting Governmental and nongovernmental accounting is different for very good reasons. The driving force for governmental financial reporting is accountability. Accountability to citizens and taxpayers, legislative and oversight bodies, and holders of government debt. Governmental accounting is based on the accounting methods of public sector, and nongovernmental accounting is based on the accounting methods of private sector. Governmental accounting system focuses on the course of financial resources, while nongovernmental accounting system focuses on the course of economic resources. Governmental accounting system has a goal of balancing the resources in context of the social welfare. Nongovernmental accounting system has a goal of generating profit. Organizations, which perform their operation under governmental accounting, have the goal to achieve financial accountability. On the other hand, organizations, which perform their operation under nongovernmental accounting, conduct their operation to achieve effective fiscal plans (Government Budgeting and Accounting, 2008). Relationship between Budgeting and Financial Reporting Both budgeting and financial reporting are important constituents of the accounting system in the public sector. Financial reporting refers to an effort related to assessment of financial performance of the government. Budgeting and financial reporting assists in decision making regarding the financial aspects of an organization, such as raising and expenditure of funds. Both of them assist government in financial management for fulfilling the rules and regulations of public finance as well as the increasing requirements for services with limited resources of revenues. Public Budgeting 3 References Bailey, S. J. (2003). Strategic Public Finance. Gordonsville, VA, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. p. 3. Retrieved on August 10, 2010, from https://site. ebrary. com/lib/ ashford/Doc? id=10076851ppg=18 Gaffney, M. (2008). The philosophy of public finance. Retrieved on August 10, 2010, from https://www. masongaffney. org/publications/G44philosophy_of_public_finance. cv. pdf Government Budgeting and Accounting. (2008). Retrieved on August 10, 2010, from https://www. adb. org/documents/books/diagnostic_study_accounting_auditing/phi/chap06. pdf

Reality And Malthus Predictions Of Population - 992 Words

Reality and Malthus’ Predictions of Population Imagine if Earth’s population was so large that all of the world’s resources had to be exhausted to their last limits just to provide food for only half of the population. That is exactly what 17th-century demographer Thomas Malthus envisioned when he predicted how the world’s population would affect the world’s resources. In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in the late 18th century, Malthus expressed many controversial predictions in which he argued that the increase of resources was arithmetic while the increase in population was exponential; thus, he concluded that the population would greatly outpace the amount of resource growth on Earth. Being that Malthus made his predictions during the industrial revolution (which was when North America and Europe reached stage two of the demographic transition), many critics of his theory claim that Malthus’ calculations were inaccurate because he did not consider technological advances in relation to food production. Also, Malthus’ critics believe that he overestimated population increase (mainly because of the time period he lived in) and (adverb) underestimated the production rate of resources. Though both sides of the debate are plausible, it is evident that Malthus’ views were incorrect because modern-day statistics regarding population and food production do not support his claims. Therefore, because of Malthus’ uncircumspect approach when he predicted populationShow MoreRelatedEssay Malthuss Theory951 Words   |  4 Pagesis from the way things have been up until that time, rather than the future? 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Or as Laurence Brander (1970) put it, â€Å"Affection and loyalty are unnecessary, beauty is a synthetic product, truth is arranged in a test tube, hope is supplied in a pill, which by its action annihilates identity.† By linking science, te chnology, and politics, Huxley predicted that human individuality would wither away . He believed that his book was not only a â€Å"satire on contemporary culture, a prediction of biological advances, a commentary on theRead MoreClimate Change (Term Paper)4277 Words   |  18 PagesWilliam Barrett Introduction Over the past years most individuals have become acutely aware that the intensity of human and economic development enjoyed over the 20th century cannot be sustained. Material consumption and ever increasing populations are already stressing the earths ecosystems. How much more the earth can take remains a very heated issue. Here a look at the facts sheds some very dark light. 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Difference Between Ragtime and Blues free essay sample

Ragtime and blues are the foundations of Jazz. Both were initially very popular among African Americans as Jazz came from an African background. The blues contain the musical structure of Jazz with the 12 bar pattern, while ragtime supplies the unique syncopation and improvisations. The early musicians of blues and ragtime would eventually provide the transition necessary to move Into jazz. Blues contained the four-note structure, which Is also the building block of Jazz music. Further the principal motif of the composition Is typical of the blues. This four note figure seems to be particularly prized by composers Inspired by Jazz (peg. 54, Jazz Its Evolution and Essence). Ragtime and blues were both salary In that they both came from African American backgrounds. According to Jazz Its Evolution and Essence, ragtime Is the only genre In which the Influence of Negro American music can be detected (peg. 255, Jazz Its Evolution and Essence). It was considered to be a great contribution by African Americans. the only real contributions of the Negro- American genius in the domain (peg.236, Jazz its Evolution and Essence). They are similar yet different as ragtime is not related to blues. The theme of blues is often expressed in jazz. Jazz takes from blues its violin theme in which the major chords are played in the third degree. Melodically it contains no borrowing from the Blues except for a timid and no doubt involuntary during the exposition of the violin theme, where is some major minor playing around with the third degree (peg. 256, Jazz its Evolution and Essence). Some blues notes can be seen in ragtime, but these notes are not expressive and played with other sounds that drags the music away from the essence of blues. Some vague blue notes are scattered around in the principal melodic design of Piano Rag Music, but they are surrounded by a polytonal accompaniment that robs them of all resemblance to the Negro music. (peg. 256, Jazz its Evolution and Essence). A big contributor to Jazz was Louis Armstrong. One of his styles was shown in Potato Head Blues and Skip the Gutter shows in his stop choruses. The rhythm of these blues songs and Jazz were similar. It showed the metrical continuity which is characteristic of the modern style which was not contrary to the spirit of the most traditional Jazz (Peg.20, Jazz its Evolution and Essence). Another musician Mike, who was Ernest Foremans hero, was known for reproducing exactly the phrases of blues that he had learned by heart from the recordings of Odds or Arapaho. Jazz artists used a technique called portentous when extending range of the Blues language. The Blues were essentially carried from Its vocal to the instrumental style of Jazz: These blue notes eased from the vocal to the Instrumental style, carrying with them the emotional potential that the blues singers had given them. (Peg. 226, Jazz Its Evolution and Essence).Ragtime and Blues were similar in that both came from African-American was the first black music ever to achieve widespread popularity and commercial distribution (peg.9, Jazz: A History). Ragtime was mostly based on the piano, which was the principal instrument of ragtime (peg. 19, Jazz: A History). Ragtime came from the South. The instruments used to play ragtime, banjo, fiddle, fife, were instruments that were considered to be prototypes brought to this country functional diatonic harmony stressing tonic, dominant, subdivision, and applied dominants in a major tonality (peg. 2, Jazz: A History). Its syncopation occurred on the second and fourth eighth notes with accented melody notes. Syncopation, an interruption of the regular flow of rhythm, was the chief characteristic of ragtime melodies. Ragtime, when played on the piano, had a stride style, in which the pianists left hand was called to stride up and down (peg. 23, Jazz: A History). Jelly Role Morton and James P. Johnson were well known for stride playing and are Mewed as transitional figures from ragtime to Jazz (peg. 4, Jazz: A History). Tom Turnip, a musician who composed excellent music, composed rags that were in the ABA form, unlike the blues, which were usually in the ABA form. Scott Joplin, another ragtime musician, made a bigger contribution. His most famous work, The Maple Leaf Rag, sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Joplin was not interested in haphazard improvisations. He wanted to make classical ragtime comparable to Classic European music that would be used in the larger, traditional forms such as operas and symphonies (peg. 9, Jazz: A History). The blues are considered to be the center of the Jazz tradition and dates back to the earliest days of Jazz. The 12- bar blues are still at the heart of modern Jazz. The Blues are a distinct form of Jazz: When a musician says lets play the blues, he means something quite specific (peg. 99, Jazz: A History). The cry or holler was the most important characteristic of the blues, which is prominent in Jazz itself. This style originates from African tribal music.In African tribes, the dancers would cry, and likewise, the crowd would holler back, establishing a performer/audience relationship. Performers in Jazz establish this similar relationship with the audience by playing to the pleasure and responses of the audience. Another interesting difference is that the blues has a religious background, unlike ragtime. The passionate praise and worship in Black churches during those times were influential in the way musicians performed as many Caucasians during those times came from Black Christian communities. Other nonchurch going musicians would influence the blues comes a lot from the church, too. Duke Elongations best compositions of Jazz were usually transformations of the blues. Charlie Parker, who was the most influential of modern Jazzmen, was known for recording more versions of the blues than any other form (peg. 108, The Story of Jazz). A very significant archetypical legend in the Blues is Charles Buddy Bolder, who never lost a carving contest(contest in the display of musical skill). Buddy Bolder grew up during the brass band era and mastered the ornate. Buddy Bolder was in the shouting congregation at church in the church, which may explain his development in the Blues: As a child, he was a part of a shouting congregation in church (Peg. 67, The Story of Jazz). Buddy Bolder influenced many musicians with his innovative style of playing and improvisations. He was heir to all the musical influences that survived in and around New Orleans (Peg. 67, The Story of Jazz). Ragtime and Jazz were similar but had distinct characteristics that made them separate. However, both were the building blocks of Jazz music and contributed to the rhythm, style, and culture of Jazz.