River running history of the Colorado River Research Paper

River running history of the Colorado River - Research Paper Example This paper explores the history of Colorado River. Colorado River cruises through Grand Canyon where it changes its direction due to the physical features that exist in its course. The depth of canyon along the river varies and the width as a range of 10 to 18 miles. The river has curved through the earth geology for more than 6 million years. The water of the river has won the layers of limestone, granite, sandstone and shale among other layers. Colorado River has two major districts, the lower basin that comprises of Arizona, Nevada and California, and the upper basin that comprises Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico and Utah. The sources of the river are in Colorado and Wyoming and it flows to the Gulf of California. The river serves as a historic and prehistoric feature in the west. Colorado River that flows through Utah towards southwest direction has two tributaries San Juan and Green. During the prehistoric period, the river served as a boundary to the Anasazi population who lived on the south and eastern part of the river and the Fremont population who lived on the north and the west of the river. History records that river Colorado has been a source of water and livelihood for the natives of the Grand Canyon for over 12,000 years. The natives used the river water for agriculture and domestic use. Communities such as Havasupai, Hualapai, Hopi, Paiute, Yavapai-Apache, Navajo, and Zuni had a great influence in dictating the use of the river water (Marston & Farquhar 102). One third of water allotment right lies on the hands of over 20 Indian tribes who live and control over 717,000 acres land along the river. These tribes are under the burner of Intertribal Council of Arizona. In 1850s and 1860s, Navajo tribe raided other communities who lived along the river. The control and protection of the river was very important for these communities because they performed their

Details of the European Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Details of the European Crisis - Essay Example The critical issues that shaped the crisis include; competitive weakness, weak and actual growth and large debt-to-GDP ratios. Other important issues are liquidation of banks and sovereigns, considerable liability stocks both in private, government and non-private sectors (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). The crisis was complicated making it difficult for European nations to refinance or repay the debts of their governments without the intervention of a third party such as IMF or ECB. In addition, the banks within the Euro zone were undercapitalized and, as a result, were influenced by debt problems and liquidity. Due to the crisis, the rate of economic growth was slow in the entire region. Similarly, the economic growth was unequally distributed across the member states (Lynn, 2011). The governments of the nations that were ruthlessly affected coordinated with "the troika". The troika is a committee formed by three international organizations namely, the European Central Bank, the European Commission, and the International Monetary Fund. Virtually, in 1992 the EU signed the Maastricht Treaty. The agreement regulated their debt levels and the limit deficit spending. Nonetheless, at the onset of the year 2000, some of the member states defied the criteria of the treaty. These countries instead decided to analyze government revenues to minimize their deficit or debts. Therefore, evading the desired practice and not being able to follow the international standards (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). This gave the sovereigns a chance to mask their deficit and debt levels by embracing a combination of approaches such as off-balance-sheet transactions, inconsistent accounting and the use of complex credit derivatives, as well as currency structures. The low-interest rates resulted to excessive government spending and borrowing primarily in member states like Greece during the decade lead. Since